International phonetics

Daniel Jones (1881-1967) was a Phonetics professor at University College, London and is remembered as 'The Father of Phonetics.

A-Alpha

B-Bravo,

C-Charlie,

D-Delta


E-Echo


F- Foxtrot


G-Golf


H- Hotel


I-India


J- Juliet


K-Kilo


L- Lima


M- Mike


N-November

0-Oscar


P-Papa


Q-Quebec


R-Romeo


S-Sierra,


T-Tango,


U-Unifor

PROGRAMMS HISTORY......

ROGRAMMS HISTORY......

 

Java is a programming language that was created using the C and C++ programming languages. The original design of Java was led by James Gosling, who wrote the initial implementation of the language in the early 1990s. Java is now maintained by Oracle Corporation, and is widely used for developing a variety of software applications and platforms, including desktop and mobile apps, web applications, and enterprise software.

Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.

When natural programming languages were first developed, they fell into two broad categories, depending on how they communicated with the underlying hardware. Compilers: The complete program is written in natural English-like syntax with compilers, and the language then compiles (or translates) the entire code into machine code. The compiled code is then run on the hardware
Interpreters:With interpreters, every high-level code statement is interpreted into machine code on the fly. Written statements are run immediately by the hardware before looking at the next statement.

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JAVA:-

The Java programming language was developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Although it is primarily used for Internet-based applications, Java is a simple, efficient, general-purpose language. Java was originally designed for embedded network applications running on multiple platforms. It is a portable, object-oriented, interpreted language.

Java is extremely portable. The same Java application will run identically on any computer, regardless of hardware features or operating system, as long as it has a Java interpreter. Besides portability, another of Java's key advantages is its set of security features which protect a PC running a Java program not only from problems caused by erroneous code but also from malicious programs (such as viruses). You can safely run a Java applet downloaded from the Internet, because Java's security features prevent these types of applets from accessing a PC's hard drive or network connections. An applet is typically a small Java program that is embedded within an HTML page.

Java can be considered both a compiled and an interpreted language because its source code is first compiled into a binary byte-code. This byte-code runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is usually a software-based interpreter. The use of compiled byte-code allows the interpreter (the virtual machine) to be small and efficient (and nearly as fast as the CPU running native, compiled code). In addition, this byte-code gives Java its portability: it will run on any JVM that is correctly implemented, regardless of computer hardware or software configuration. Most Web browsers (such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Communicator) contain a JVM to run Java applets.

Compared to C++ (another object-oriented language), Java code runs a little slower (because of the JVM) but it is more portable and has much better security features. The virtual machine provides isolation between an untrusted Java program and the PC running the software. Java's syntax is similar to C++ but the languages are quite different. For example, Java does not permit programmers to implement operator overloading while C++ does. In addition, Java is a dynamic language where you can safely modify a program while it is running, whereas C++ does not allow it. This is especially important for network applications that cannot afford any downtime. Also, all basic Java data types are predefined and not platform-dependent, whereas some data types can change with the platform used in C or C++ (such as the int type).

Java programs are more highly structured than C++ equivalents. All functions (or Java methods) and executable statements in Java must reside within a class while C++ allows function definitions and lines of code to exist outside of classes (as in C-style programs). Global data and methods cannot reside outside of a class in Java, whereas C++ allows this. These restrictions, though cumbersome at times, help maintain the integrity and security of Java programs and forces them to be totally object-oriented.

Another key feature of Java is that it is an open standard with publicly available source code. Sun Microsystems controls the Java language and its related products but Sun's liberal license policy contributed to the Internet community embracing Java as a standard. You can freely download all the tools you need to develop and run Java applets and applications from Sun's Java Web site (http://java.sun.com).

Here is a simple Java program that averages numbers entered from the keyboard:

PHYTON-

C Programming Language:-

To answer the question, In which language is Python written? The complete script of Python is written in the C Programming Language. When we write a Python program, the program is executed by the Python interpreter. This interpreter is written in the C language.

C++ was developed by Bjarne Structure, as an extension to the

                                        C LANGUAGE

1.python-C created by Guido Van Rossum in the year 1980s and released in 1991

2.Ruby-C created by Yukihiro "Matz "Matsumoto In mid of 1990s and released the first version Released in the December/21/1995           

3.Rust-C Rust programming language was created by a team of Mozilla .The development of Rust started in 2006, and it was announced publicly by Mozilla in 2010. 

4.Javascript-C and C++ JavaScript created By Brendan Each He developed the language just ten days in May 1995. 

5.Kotlin-Java Kotlin programming language was created by JetBrains, a software development company based in Russia. Kotlin was first released in 2011 

6.Go-C and C++The Go programming language, often referred to as Golang, was created by three individuals at Google: Robert Grasmere, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. The initial design of Go began in 2007, and the language was officially announced to the public in 2009. 

7.C#-C and C++The C# (pronounced as "C sharp") programming language was created by Microsoft Corporation. The language was developed by Anders Hejlsberg and his team, and it was introduced as part of the .NET platform in the early 2000s. 

8.Swift-C and objective C Swift is a programming language that was developed by Apple Inc.

9.Java-C and C++Java programming language was developed by James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton at Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by Oracle Corporation The development of Java started in 1991, and the first official version, Java 1.0, was released in 1996. 

10.MATLAB-C,C++MATLAB, which stands for "Matrix Laboratory," was created by Cleve Moler, a professor of computer science at the University of New Mexico, in the late 1970s.Initially, it was designed to provide an easy-to-use environment for numerical computing and matrix manipulation. 

QR CODE

QR CODE:-

A QR code (quick-response code) is a type of two-dimensional matrix barcode, invented in 1994, by Japanese company Denso Wave for labelling automobile parts. A barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to the labelled item. In practice, QR codes contain data for a locator, an identifier, and a website visitor tracking. To efficiently store data, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding (i) numeric, (ii) alphanumeric, (iii) byte or binary, and (iv) kanji.

A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, including some fiducial markers, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.[4]

The QR labelling system was applied beyond the automobile industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing\

History:-

The QR code system was invented in 1994 under a team led by Masahiro Hara from the Japanese company Denso Wave .The initial design was influenced by the black and white pieces on a Go board ,the position detection pattern was found using the least used ratio in black and white areas on printed matter can avoid misidentifying, which was 1:1:3:1:1.[ Its purpose was to keep track of automotive parts manufactured by Denso, to replace several bar codes on each box, each of which had to be scanned separately, with the requirement of high capacity that is able to encode Kanji, Kana and alphanumeric together.

Standard Structure of a QR code:-

There are several standards that cover the encoding of data as QR codes :October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility) International

January 1999 – JIS X 0510
June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor corrections.
May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (mar) bar code symbology specification
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.

USES:-

A QR code used on a large billboard in Japan, linking to the sagasou.mobi website

QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a web browser). QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand's website more quickly than by manually entering a URL.[21][22] Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate: the chance that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale. It coaxes interested prospects further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the advertiser's website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose the viewer's interest. And in or code it is very use full in our daily life.

QR codes also used to direct users to specific multimedia content (such as videos, audios, images, documents and any type of content accessible from the web). This type of QR code is called "Multimedia QR code".
Mobile operating systems:-

QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. iPhones running on iOS 11 and higher[ and some Android devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app.[The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code (only on iPhone) along with the link (both on Android and iPhone). These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device. Many paid or free apps are available with the ability to scan the codes and hard-link to an external URL.
Virtual stores:-

QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and the products avered to their homes. This use started in South Korea, and Argentina, but is currently expanding globally. Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store

QR code payment:-

QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial applications of QR code payments across the world. In developing countries like China, India and Bangladesh QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011,mobile payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment.

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment Descriptor – was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for QR payments. In 2013, the European Payment Council provided guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the Eurozone.

In 2017, Singapore created a taskforce including their Government Agencies such as the Monetary Authority of Singapore and Income Media Development Authority to spearhead a system for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for Singapore’s market.[

The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays the single QR code.

A single SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. Once consumers spot the SGQR label, they will be able to scan it and see which payment options the merchant accepts. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA.
Website login:-

QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically be logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone, which contacts the server. Google tested such a login method in January 2012.
Mobile ticket:-

There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and used as an admission ticket Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional Baseball tickets in Japan.] In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet.

A sign with a QR code that links to a drinks menu

Restaurant ordering:-

Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order and/or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus, and enable the establishment to update the entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order and pay for their meals without a waiter involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the food This application has grown especially since the need for social distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and customers

Joining a Wi‑Fi network:-A QR code to automatically join a Wi‑Fi network

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data.[like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.Common format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP |WPA| no pass >;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true |false| blank>;;
Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;

Funerary use:-A QR code that links to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone

A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishioka in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT Design, where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased.] Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into tombstones In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR codes for tombstones.
Electronic authentication:-

QR codes are also used to generate time-based one-time passwords (TOTP) for electronic authentication.

QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that have loyalty programs. Sometimes these programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process triggered by a QR code scan. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to be found printed on the receipt for a purchase or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect award points by scanning a code.
Counterfeit detection:-

Serialised QR codes have been used by brands and government to let consumers, retailers and distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting counterfeit products, as part of a brand protection program.[However, the security level of a regular QR code is limited since QR codes printed on original products are easily reproduced on fake products, even though the analysis of data generated as a result of QR code scanning can be used to detect counterfeiting and illicit activity. A higher security level can be attained by embedding a digital watermark or copy detection pattern into the image of the QR code. This makes the QR code more secure against counterfeiting attempts, and fake products that contain a counterfeit QR code can be detected by scanning the secure QR code with a specific app (even though the QR code message itself is valid).[72]

The treaty regulating apostilles (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated to allow for the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a cryptographic signature containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.

Product tracing:-

Different studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of conveying labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In a field experiment, it was found that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR code scanning app, 52.6% of participants would use it to access labelling information.[73] A study made in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate QR code used in food traceability system, as they provide detailed information about food, as well as information that helps them in their purchasing decision.[74] If QR codes are serialised, consumers can access a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have about the origin of their food.

COVID-19 pandemic:-Two QR codes that link to German contact tracing app check-ins during the COVID-19 pandemic

After the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless" system to display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the table, which opened an online version of the menu. This prevented the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus after each use.[76] Local television stations have also begun to utilize codes on local newscasts to allow viewers quicker access to stories or information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.

In several Australian states, patrons are required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets and other service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and New Zealand use similar systems.[

QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as Canada, and the EU (EU Digital COVID certificate) where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.[78]
Design:-

Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.
Information capacity:-

The amount of data that can be represented by a QR code symbol depends on the data type (mode, or input character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. 4 × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version 40 and error correction level L (low), denoted by 40-L:[