HARSHITH K.P

No space
John von Neumann

December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. He was regarded as having perhaps the widest coverage of any mathematician of his time and was said to have been "the last representative of the great mathematicians who were equally at home in both pure and applied mathematics". He integrated pure and applied sciences.
Von Neumann made major contributions to many fields, including mathematics (mathematical logic, measure theory, functional analysis, ergodic theory, group theory, lattice theory, representation theory, operator algebras, matrix theory, geometry, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics & ballistics, nuclear physics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory and general equilibrium theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, numerical meteorology, scientific computing, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics. He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics in the development of functional analysis, and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer.

Von Neumann published over 150 papers: about 60 in pure mathematics, 60 in applied mathematics, 20 in physics, and the remainder on special mathematical subjects or non-mathematical subjects.[16] His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while he was dying, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.

His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a shortlist of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote, "The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in Göttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927–1929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935–1939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931–1932."

During World War II, von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam and others, problem-solving key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb. He developed the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon and coined the term "kiloton" (of TNT) as a measure of the explosive force generated.[18] During this time and after the war, he consulted for a vast number of organizations including the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

At the peak of his influence in the 1950s, he was the chair for a number of critical Defense Department committees including the Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee and the ICBM Scientific Advisory Committee. He was also a member of the influential Atomic Energy Commission in charge of all atomic energy development in the country. He played a key role alongside Bernard Schriever and Trevor Gardner in contributing to the design and development of the United States' first ICBM programs. During this time, he was considered the nation's foremost expert on nuclear weaponry and the leading defense scientist at the Pentagon. As a Hungarian émigré, concerned that the Soviets would achieve nuclear superiority, he designed and promoted the policy of mutually assured destruction to limit the arms race.

In honor of his achievements and contributions to the modern world, he was named in 1999 the Financial Times Person of the Century, as a representative of the century's characteristic ideal that the power of the mind could shape the physical world, and of the "intellectual brilliance and human savagery" that defined the 20th century.

Life and education

Family background:-

Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary (which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire),[25][26][27] on December 28, 1903, to a wealthy, acculturated, and non-observant Jewish family. His Hungarian birth name was Neumann Janos Lajos. In Hungarian, the family name comes first, and his given names are equivalent to John Louis in English.

He was the eldest of three brothers; his two younger siblings were Mihaly (English: Michael von Neumann; 1907–1989) and Miklos (Nicholas von Neumann, 1911–2011). His father, Neumann Miksa (Max von Neumann, 1873–1928) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from Paces at the end of the 1880s. Mika's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zemplén County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (English: Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels of the Meisels family. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.

On February 20, 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation Magrittian, meaning "of Magritte" (today Marghita, Romania). The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was their chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann Janos became Magrittian Neumann Junos (John Neumann de Magritte), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.

Child prodigy:-

Von Neumann was a child prodigy. When he was six years old, he could divide two eight-digit numbers in his head[35][36] and could converse in Ancient Greek. When the six-year-old von Neumann caught his mother staring aimlessly, he asked her, "What are you calculating?"[37]

When they were young, von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins were instructed by governesses. Von Neumann's father believed that knowledge of languages other than their native Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian.[38] By the age of eight, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, and by twelve he had read and understood Borel's Théorie des Fonctions.[39] But he was also particularly interested in history. He read his way through Wilhelm Oncken's 46-volume world history series Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen (General History in Monographs).[40] A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.[41]

Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium in 1914.[42] Eugene Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School and soon became his friend.[43] This was one of the best schools in Budapest and was part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. The Hungarian school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, many of which were Jews or of Jewish descent, which included Theodore von Kármán (born 1881), George de Hevesy (born 1885), Michael Polanyi (born 1891), Leó Szilárd (born 1898), Dennis Gabor (born 1900), Eugene Wigner (born 1902), Edward Teller (born 1908), and Paul Erdős (born 1913).[44] Collectively, they were sometimes known as "The Martians".[45]

Although von Neumann's father insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give von Neumann advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gábor Szegő.[43] On their first meeting, Szegő was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears.[46] Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems that Szeto posed in calculus are sketched out on his father's stationery and are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest.[43] As for his other subjects, he received a grade of A for all barring B's in geometrical drawing, writing and music, and a C for physical education.[47] By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition.[48] At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics.

Undercity studies:-

According to his friend Theodore von Kármán, von Neumann's father wanted John to follow him into industry and thereby invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. In fact, his father asked von Kármán to persuade his son not to take mathematics as his major. Von Neumann and his father decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year, non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat for the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich,[51] which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered Pázmány Péter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich in 1926 (although Wigner says that von Neumann was never very attached to the subject of chemistry), and passed his final examinations with summa cum laude for his Ph.D. in mathematics (with minors in experimental physics and chemistry) simultaneously with his chemical engineering degree, of which Wigner wrote, "Evidently a Ph.D. thesis and examination did not constitute an appreciable effort .He then went to the University of Göttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert Hermann Weyl, in his obituary of Emmy Noether, remembers how in the winter of 1926-1927 von Neumann, Nether and himself would take walks after his classes through "the cold, wet, rain-wet streets of Göttingen" where they discussed hypercomplex number systems and their representations.

Career and life:-

Excerpt from the university calendars for 1928 and 1928/29 of the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin announcing Neumann's lectures on the theory of functions II, axiomatic set theory and mathematical logic, the mathematical colloquium, review of recent work in quantum mechanics, special functions of mathematical physics and Hilbert's proof theory. He also lectured on the theory of relativity, set theory, integral equations and analysis of infinitely many variables.Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he began to give lectures as a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928. He was the youngest person ever elected Privatdozent in the university's history in any subject. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published 12 major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, 32, a rate of nearly one major paper per month. In 1929, he briefly became a Privatdozent at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University as a visiting lecturer in mathematical physicsOn New Year's Day 1930, von Neumann married Marietta Kaveri, who had studied economics at Budapest University. Von Neumann and Marietta had one child, a daughter, Marina, born in 1935. As of 2021 Marina is a distinguished professor emerita of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan.[65] The couple divorced on November 2, 1937.On November 17, 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest before the outbreak of World War II.

Before marrying Marietta, von Neumann was baptized a Catholic in 1930.Von Neumann's father, Max, had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while Max was alive, but all did afterward.

In 1933 Von Neumann was offered and accepted a life tenure professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey, when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl appeared to have failed His mother, brothers and in-laws followed von Neumann to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to "Neumann" and "Veneman". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily but was rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis of how France would stand up to Germany is often quoted: "Oh, France won't matter."

Klara and John von Neumann were socially active within the local academic community.His white clapboard house at 26 Westcott Road was one of Princeton's largest private residences. He always wore formal suits. He once wore a three-piece pinstripe while riding down the Grand Canyon astride a mule. Hilbert is reported to have asked, "Pray, who is the candidate's tailor?" at von Neumann's 1926 doctoral exam, as he had never seen such beautiful evening clothes.

Von Neumann held a lifelong passion for ancient history and was renowned for his historical knowledge. A professor of Byzantine history at Princeton once said that von Neumann had greater expertise in Byzantine history than he did. He knew by heart much of the material in Gibbon's Decline and Fall and after dinner liked to engage in various historical discussions. Ulam noted that one time while driving south to a meeting of the American Mathematical Society, von Neumann would describe even the minutest details of the battles of the Civil War that occurred in the places they drove by. This kind of travel where he could be in a car and talk for hours on topics ranging from mathematics to literature without interruption was something he enjoyed very much.

Von Neumann liked to eat and drink. His wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and "off-color" humor (especially limericks).[39] He was a non-smoker.[82] In Princeton, he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his phonograph, which distracted those in neighboring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work.[83] Von Neumann did some of his best work in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with his wife's phonograph playing loudly. Despite being a notoriously bad driver, he enjoyed driving—frequently while reading a book—occasioning numerous arrests as well as accidents. When Cuthbert Hurd hired him as a consultant to IBM, Hurd often quietly paid the fines for his traffic tickets.

Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulm's, Gian-Carlo Rota, wrote, "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in the hospital, every time Ulam visited, he came prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer him up. Von Neumann believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively; he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved and know the answer upon waking up.Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more aural.

In February 1951 for the New York Times he had his brain waves scanned while at rest and while thinking (along with Albert Einstein and Norbert Wiener). "They generally showed differences from the average" was the conclusion.

Illness and death:-

In 1955 von Neumann suffered a fall. During the medical examination that follower his physician noticed a mass growing near his collarbone. A biopsy of this mass led to a diagnosis of metastatic cancer, originating either in von Neumann's skeleton, pancreas or prostate. The original malignancy may have been caused by exposure to radiation during his time at Los Alamos National .

Von Neumann was unable to accept the proximity of his own demise, and the shadow of impending death instilled great fear in him. He invited a Catholic priest, Father Anselm Stradlater, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said, "So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end," referring to Pascal's wager. He had earlier confided to his mother, "There probably has to be a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Father Stradlater administered the last rites to him. Some of von Neumann's friends, such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern, said they had always believed him to be "completely agnostic". Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims , "He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy." Father Strittmatter recalled that even after his conversion, von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.

During the last few weeks of von Neumann's life many friends and relatives visited him at Walter Reed Army Medical Hospital in NW Washington, D.C. He entertained his brother Mike by reciting by heart and word-for-word the first few lines of each page of Goethe's Faust. His brother would read Faust to him and when he paused to turn the page, Von Neumann would recite from memory the first few lines of the following page.[27] Likewise, his brother-in-law Stan Ulam read to von Neumann in Greek from a worn copy of Thucydides' History. Ulam remembers von Neumann correcting his occasional misreadings and mispronunciations from memory.[101]

On his deathbed von Neumann's mental capabilities became a fraction of what they were before, causing him much anguish. Marina von Neumann later remembered that in the days before her father's death,

[he] clearly realized that the illness had gone to his brain and that he could no longer think, and he asked me to test him on really simple arithmetic problems, like seven plus four, and I did this for a few minutes, and then I couldn’t take it anymore; I left the room.[101]

Thursday 7 September 2023

Easter egg:-

Here are a few examples of Easter eggs in different contexts:

1 Video Games:-

Game developers often hide Easter eggs within their games. These can include secret levels, hidden characters, or references to other games or pop culture. For example, in the game "Minecraft," players can discover hidden rooms with messages from the developers.

2 MOVIES:-

3 Software Applications:

Sunday 20 August 2023

About what he taught us that day about communicating/networking devices and the frequencies , government rules etc

Thursday 17 August 2023

DATA RECOVERY PROCESS:-

Friday 11 August 2023

Thursday 10 August 2023

BOOTING PROCESS OF THE COMPUTER..

Steps in the Booting Process:-

STEPS TO PROCESS:-

1: BIOS and Setup Program

2: The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)

3:The Operating System (OS) Loads

4: System Configuration

5: System Utility Loads

6: Users Authentication Step

1: BIOS and Setup Program:-

 ROM (read-only memory): it is a permanent and unchanging memory also  BIOS (basic input/output system ): the part of the system software that includes the instructions that the computer uses to accept input and output

 Load: to transfer from a storage device to memory. The ROM loads BIOS into the computer’s memory

 Setup program: a special program containing settings to control hardware. Furthermore, the program can only be accessed while the BIOS information is visible

Step 2:The Power-On-Self-Test (POST)

POST (Power-On Self-Test): a series of tests conducted on the computer’s main memory, input/output devices, disk drives, and the hard disk.

 BIOS conducts Power-On-Self-Test to check the input/ output system for operability.

 The computer will produce a beeping sound if any problem occurs. An error message will also appear on the monitor

Step 3: The Operating System (OS) Loads

 BIOS searches for the operating system.

 Setting in CMOS: complementary metal oxide semiconductor determines where to look for the operating system.

 In this step, the operating system’s kernel is also loaded into the computer’s memory.

 The operating system takes control of the computer and begins loading system configuration information.

Step 4: System Configuration

 Registry: a database to store information about peripherals and software

 Peripheral: a device connected to a computer

 Drive: a utility program that makes peripheral devices function properly

 The operating system’s registry configures the system.

 In this step, drivers are also loaded into memory.

Step 5: System Utility Loads

 System utilities are loaded into memory.

 Volume control

 Antivirus software

 PC card unplugging utility

Step 6: Users Authentication

 Authentication or user login occurs

 Username

 Password

 After all this process, the user interface starts, enabling user interaction with the computer and its programs also.

Saturday 5 August 2023

WINDOWS 11

Closed-source Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative) Some components open source

MIC BOOK

Objective-C is the language most commonly used in Mac OS Programming.

John von Neumann

John von Neumann

Life and education

Family background:-

University studies:-

Computer science:-

No spaceJohn von Neumann

No space

Life and education

Family background:-

Child prodigy:-

Undercity studies:-

Career and life:-

Illness and death:-

Daniel Jones (1881-1967) was a Phonetics professor at University College, London and is remembered as 'The Father of Phonetics.

A-Alpha

B-Bravo,

C-Charlie, D-DeltaE-EchoF- FoxtrotG-GolfH- HotelI-IndiaJ- JulietK-KiloL- LimaM- MikeN-November

0-OscarP-PapaQ-QuebecR-RomeoS-Sierra,T-Tango,U-Unifor

Friday 4 August 2023

ROGRAMMS HISTORY......

JAVA:-

PHYTON-

C Programming Language:-

No space
John von Neumann

C-Charlie,

D-Delta

E-Echo

F- Foxtrot

G-Golf

H- Hotel

I-India

J- Juliet

K-Kilo

L- Lima

M- Mike

N-November

0-Oscar

P-Papa

Q-Quebec

R-Romeo

S-Sierra,

T-Tango,

U-Unifor